Saturday, October 5, 2019

Heart Transplant Team Clinical Journal Term Paper

Heart Transplant Team Clinical Journal - Term Paper Example I have had the opportunity to attend to a number of heart transplant operations and carefully observed what transpires during this process. This has given me a background of the activities related to heart transplant operations. Secondly, I have had the opportunity to apply the nursing process in real life situation. In this regards, I have been able to collect a variety of population data from both the clinic and the community sources. I am now able to analyze such data both qualitatively and quantitatively. Basing on this knowledge, I am now able to help in the process of formulating goals and objectives for patient care and give an analytical feedback that can be applied in improving various nursing processes. I have reviewed cases regarding the determination of the need for health promotion and illness management shortcoming with the aim of implementing the best plan interventions basing on the best practice guidelines. Besides, I am now in a position to evaluate the effectivenes s plan interventions basing on the socio-cultural, economic, spiritual, environmental and developmental factors. I have had the opportunity to discuss with the preceptor on issues relating to the effectiveness, the evidence and the ethics of various plan interventions. ... I have established a rapport and gained as much client confidentiality as possible. Further, I am now able to carry out various documentation protocols, utilize the information technology systems and collaborate with my colleagues and staff effectively. Finally, with regards to professional practice, I am glad that I am better placed to maintain professional code of conduct and good behavior during practicum. Besides, I am now able to abide by all the agency’s regulations and policies. 2) What has been the most significant or meaningful learning outcome for you during clinical? The most eminent learning outcome I have achieved this far, is related to the application of the nursing process. Ever since my childhood, I have intrinsically wished to be a nurse. My efforts towards the achievement of this dreams has been inexorable. Thus, I feel great when I know I have the obligation to make a change in people’s lives. Application of the information I have gained in class in real-life clinical practice gives me am internal satisfaction I have always longed for. Seeing myself taking part in extending someone’s life and helping families hold onto their loved ones who are under my care, perpetuate my desire to take part in various other activities related to nursing activities. 3) As you reflect on your clinical experience, what knowledge and skills have you gained that will be helpful to you as a professional? Almost each and every learning outcome during my nursing training has been of great significance during my clinical experience. To begin with, the knowledge I have attained relating on how to attend to carry out patient interviews, perform physical assessments, obtain laboratory specimens and utilize specialty equipment has been very

Friday, October 4, 2019

Cardiac changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cardiac changes - Essay Example This leads to enhanced impedance to left ventricular ejection, an elevated systolic arterial pressure, and consequent interstitial fibrosis and left ventricular hypertrophy. Also, an aging person experiences a decline in the proportion of myocardial relaxation. The left ventricle takes a long time to relax, becomes stiffer, and also takes a longer time to fill in diastole. This enhances the significance of a correctly timed atrial contraction in adding to an ordinary left ventricular end-diastolic size. In addition, getting old is linked to enhanced sinoatrial node conduction duration and a decrease in the intrinsic heart rate. The reaction to postural modifications is different between youthful individuals and elderly people as cardiac productivity is controlled by rising heart rate in the youthful individuals, in contrast to the elderly people who depend on a rise in stroke capacity to balance. Also, for the aged individuals, all through exercise the tachycardic reaction is lessene d. Cardiac production is controlled by a rise in stroke capacity in a number of people, while in other individuals there is no compensation and the capacity of aerobics is lessened. Finally, physiologic aging causes a prolonged isotonic contraction and a diminished velocity of shortening (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2011). The Altered Presentation and Modifications of Therapy Therapies that lessen, prevent, or deal with blood clots have been significant in lessening cardiovascular mortality or morbidity. One, administration of low dose aspirin has prolonged advantage in managing and preventing popular cardiovascular diseases, for example, coronary artery disease. In addition, the administration of aspirin has been significant in the initial prevention of stroke and heart attack in high risk elderly patients. Two, there has been the utilization of anticoagulation with warfarin for avoidance of stroke peripheral venous issues of a tremendous forms of surgical practices in dif ferent clinical attempts. Chronic warfarin therapy diminishes the most dreaded problems of stroke in older patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Nonetheless, warfarin therapy needs recurrent blood tests for control of the dose (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association, 2011). Three, older patients may undergo antihypertensive therapy. Antihypertensive therapy in older patients has been utilized for thiazide diuretics solely or together with beta blockers. Beta blockers or Thiazide diuretics have been recommended for therapy for elderly patients suffering from hypertension due to affordable costs and proven longevity advantages. Also, each drug dosage is usually regulated for disease-related and age modifications. Finally, there are therapies that have been modified to restore the sinus rhythm. This is usually taken into account in older patients with unusual cardiovascular function or atrial arrhythmias which is not easy to manage, or which is not of long-stand ing. Nonetheless, novel therapies are being established for specified signs that could offer better protection and easiness of utilization (American College of Cardiology, 2009). Identify Cardiovascular Diseases and Treatments As elderly individuals exist for long, they may suffer from a number of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, these people may suffer from a health condition that may lead to a different condition or damage if not adequately handled. There are a

Thursday, October 3, 2019

Community Health Needs Assessment (CHNA) Essay Example for Free

Community Health Needs Assessment (CHNA) Essay In the recent Community Health Needs Assessment (CHNA), orthopedic cases are projected to increase in the Trinity Hospital over the next five years. The assessment displayed that orthopedic cases are likely to flow from 11,800 to 17,338 (+46%); joint and spine procedures by 30%; and outpatient joint and spine procedures are expected to rise by 350%. The assessment highlighted the orthopedic services and the needs of the Trinity community. Some of the needs were shortage on physicians and specialist, gear, physical therapy services, and surgical suites. When looking at the business side of things you must understand supply demand. When demand rises and supply goes unchanged, a shortage will follow leading to greater costs equilibrium and if demand does not change and supply drops a short happens. This means there will be an increase in the overall revenue because of the rise in the demand for the orthopedic services. The community has a high demand for orthopedic services so it is and the population size for the aging community is growing so it is likely these services will be at an all-time high in five years. A recent needs assessment displayed that the current orthopedic cases are expected to rise 46%, with a 30% growth in inpatient joint and spine procedures. As expected outpatient joint and spine procedures are projected to grow by 350%. The orthopedic center is in a high demand area and the numbers show a defined market area within. There are also two private local hospitals in competition with very good orthopedics programs, which makes the need for Trinity’s to have a strong orthopedic program. Research shows that the main location is within the community with a projected population growth of 4%, this sets the demand for a quality orthopedic program to cover the growing community. The needs assessment shows that with an established orthopedic center, it is possible that we are able to provide everyone in the Trinity community with quality service for. It would be very feasible to develop the new center right away in order to meet the demands of the community and provide adequ ate treatment and services with adequate equipment. The orthopedic center development should allow us to incorporate an international trend of providing quality healthcare for all citizens in the community and spending less money. Regardless of the ability to pay we must also look into ways to reduce spending and still providing quality healthcare. The development of a plan that will allow patients to be treated despite financial ability  and health insurance could also help us meet the demand in the community. While our country does not offer a national healthcare system, our facility can incorporate the international trend. In addition to developing an integrated health system developing a selective groups of physicians and healthcare workers to provide adequate services. Currently there are two groups that are moving in the area. Fortunately one group has recently secured office space to open a branch of orthopedic practice on campus with the Trinity community, which helps us move to the integrated healthcare system. This benefit s the Trinity community by providing more services and quality programs to assist more patients. The ultimate goa at Trinity is to provide quality healthcare to all citizens of the Trinity community Robotic surgery and current digital equipment would be complementary to the new orthopedic center in surgical units. In addition to this we are able to accommodate the demands of orthopedic cases we deal with in the facility within our surgical units adequately. The development of the surgery facilities provide the advantage to recruit orthopedic groups that desire to be closer to Trinity and apply for privileges for the facility. There are currently twenty operating rooms that are equipped with the basic setup necessary to accommodate the orthopedic program. The rooms are equipped with two CT scanners, MRI scanner, X-ray, nuclear medicine, mobile PET scanner, and ultrasound services. The nursing staffs at Trinity are devoted and skilled which helps increase orthopedic nursing certification rate to 75% showing that this is a strong area in the facility. Although we may not be highly recommended the drive towards patient quality care it is a major part of the increase in demand of services. Even though all our service lines compliment the orthopedic program, it is clear that we can work hand- in- hand to develop a valued healthcare system and meet the demands, not only for patients but all hospital staff as well. The recent research shows that we could cut cost by building a new 5000 square foot physical therapy/rehab center adjacent to the Trinity campus. The new building costs estimates to about 600,000 verses 700,000 to purchase the space adjacent to the Trinity campus. In order to expand the services by adding a radiology department and have two MRI machines could cost approximately $3,000,000. Currently in the capital reserves we have 25,000,000 so this would be feasible for this service line expansion. Adding an orthopedic center could potential gain approximately 2100 new surgical cases and also gaining about 6500 visits in physical therapy. This can bring the profit margin to about $2,171,500. According to the five year projection plan, it is projected that there will be about $25,000 in gross charges per orthopedic surgical case. It is also clear that there is a $275 in gross charges per physical therapy treatment. 31% is the ratio of cost in charges when calculated. The Medicaid, Medicare and self- pay patients are at an all-time high right now so it is projected that the orthopedic program will increase in revenue and gain more pay-in patients. Developing a bundle payment program can allow the patient insured and uninsured an opportunity to get quality care and treatment in an affordable manor. A community hospital with the orthopedic center in it will be great in the future to help increase utilization, and also make-up for the decreased volume seen with the damage of the OB program and decay of general surgery volumes. An increase in the utilization could help our key financial indicators and also develop an effective profit plan for years to come. In order to increase the amount of specialists that are in the center we will need to target the patients who need total joint care. Developing a patient navigation system for these pacific patients can be a huge way to market the new service line to the community also coordinating care and appointments for the patients. This will also be a chance to provide physicians with the ability to sustain private practices and still work in the facility and have hospital privileges. It is suggested that we continue to work closely with those practices that are moving in the same direction as Trinity help outline the exact plan that has been developed for the marketing. A key marketing strategy that can be used in the marketing area is advertising. Highlighting the high quality services and giving the physicians satisfaction rate which is 90% could convince new patients to come to Trinity. Adding the orthopedic group adjacent to the Trinity campus, a referral service could be developed. The system should be set up as Trinity refers the orthopedic cases to the physicians group who will then in return refer all of their patients to the new orthopedic center for surgery, physical therapy, etc. Working directly with the physicians can give a more unified unit where everyone is able to benefit and also help increase their revenue equally among the practices and the hospital. Marketing can weigh in  on the expanding growth of the orthopedic specialists that are on staff and the new orthopedic center. Patients will be provided with referral information if the patient is in need for physician’s services on Trinity campus. We can also give referral for physicians who are not directly connected to the Trinity facility but have privileges at the facility. These physicians are able to use the referral services and in return refer patients to our facility and the new orthopedic center. Resources Kohn, L. T., Corrigan, J., Richardson, W. C., Donaldson, M. S. (2000). To err is human: Building a safer health system. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. McLaughlin, C. P., Kaluzny, A. D. (1999). Continuous quality improvement in health care: Theory, implementation, and applications. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers

Nestle vs Cadbury: Financial Analysis

Nestle vs Cadbury: Financial Analysis The report mainly analyzes and compares two companies financial reports between 2005 and 2008. The two companies chosen are CADBURY PLC and NESTLE SA. Both of them are renowned in consumer business and are transnational enterprises. The differences between them are NESTLE SA is a Swiss company and listed in several stock exchanges, while the CADBURY PLC origins from United Kingdom and is listed in the London Security Exchange (LSE). Referring to their core businesses, Nestle SA groups principal activities are to manufacture, process and sell food products, including diary, confectionery and culinary products, coffee, beverage and drinking water, Besides this, they also sell ancillary equipment. Similarly Cadbury groups principal activity is also to manufacture, distribute and sell confectionery products. Its products consist of three categories: chocolate, gum and candy. Thus in the overlap fields, the competition between them exists all the time. The purpose of this report is to eva luate their financial performance in past four year since 2005. The structure of the report will be as follows. The first part will list the reformulate financial statements, including balance sheets and income statements of the two companies from 2005 to 2008, respectively. The second part will calculate relative ratios based on the reformulated statements; then on basis of these ratios, analyze their probability and growth; finally compare them on the common size, and research their trend during the research period as well. The last part will discuss the result and make a conclusion. Reformulate financial statement In the following part, the two firms reformulate balance sheet and income statement will be exhibited. Note: taxes are calculated at 30% according to the UK tax Note: the taxes includes withholding taxes on income from foreign sources, as well as Swiss taxes for which adequate provisions have been established. Analysis of profitability The key indicator for profitability is ROCE-Return on Common Equity. ROCE reflects the average earnings of common shareholders equity. Under the premise of maximize shareholders interests, its a comprehensive indicator to evaluate the production and operation of an enterprise. It can be clearly seen from the chart that the ROCE of Cadbury increased almost 100% from 2005 to 2006 followed by a sharp decrease in 2007, and then kept steady in 2008. Specific ratios about profitability are as following: As we can seen from the table above, the Financial Leverage of Cadbury was decreasing from 2005 to 2008. Opposite trend can be seen in Net Borrowing Costs which increased from 0.0345 to 0.515. The significant increase in ROCE in 2006 is mainly because the suddenly increase of RNOA in that year. The Asset turnover was fluctuated slightly around 1 during 2005 to 2008. The PM saw an incredible increase in 2006 but fall sharply in 2007. So the PM is the main cause for the change of ROCE in Cadbury. FLEV FLEV = NFO/CSE The financial leverage of Cadbury was decreasing. As we can seen from the chart, the NFO is decreasing generally while the CSE is relatively steady. Third-level Breakdown: PM: Generally speaking, both sales PM and other items PM are is an increasing trend. It can be clearly seen that Sales PM is the main source of PM. The cause of the significant increase in ROCE, RNOA, PM in 2006 is because the other items PM increased to an unusual level. Selling, General admin expenses were steady for Cadbury while the Gross Margin continuously increased from 2005 to2008. ATO: The ATO drivers are shown in the following table: Nestle It can be clearly seen from the line chart that the ROCE of Nestle keeps a good trend of increasing, especially in 2008. The ROCE of Nestle in 2008 was 0.15 more than that in 2007. Trough the table above, we can see that the RNOA of Nestle was increasing from 2005 to 2008.The NBC was fluctuated around 0.05. The FLEV of Nestle had a increasing trend although a slight decrease can be seen in 2008. It can be clearly seen in the bar chart that both sales PM and other items PM are very steady from 2005 to 2006, significant increase can be seen in both the two kind of PM. The components for sales PM of Nestle from 2005 to 2008 had not been changed much. All of them were steady. Comparison It can be clearly seen from the chart that the ROCE of Nestle was increasing in the past 4 years while ROCE of Cadbury dropped about 80% from 2006 to 2008. In 2005, ROCE of Cadbury is higher than that of Nestle. But after a 4-year increasing, the ROCE of Nestle had catch up and even 0.25 higher than ROCE of Cadbury in 2008. In terms of RNOA, it is similar to the situation of ROCE, thus the profitability of operational assets of Nestle is better than that of Cadbury. In terms of NBC, they are almost the same, that means the expenses they used on financial obligation were almost the same and very steady. In terms of FLEV, the FLEV of Cadbury is much larger than that of Nestle, which means Cadbury faced with more risk. The OLLEV of Cadbury is larger than Nestle too. It illustrates that Cadbury relies more on liabilities both in operation and general. The PM and ATO of Nestle are both larger than those of Cadbury. The larger the ATO is, the better the firms ability on sales is. That mean s the ability on sales of Nestle is better than Cadbury. In a nutshell, the profitability of Nestle is generally better than Cadbury according to the past 4 years data. Analysis of Growth It is a sensible way to view growth in terms of growth in residual earning as a growth firm is ones that can grow residual earnings. Changes in residual earnings are driven by return on common equity (ROCE), the amount of common shareholder investment (CSE), and the cost of capital. We focus on the analysis of changes in ROCE and CSE. Analysis of Growth in ROCE Return on common equity (ROCE) is driven by operations and by the financing of the operations. So the change in ROCE is explained in two parts: 1. Analysis of Changes in Operations There are two kinds of components in explaining changes in profitability (RNOA). One is generated by repetitive business called core income, while the other is referred to as unusual items (UI) or transitory items, which applies to a particular period, and so are nonrecurring. It is important to distinguish core and unusual components of RNOA in the analysis.The great volatility of RNOA in 2007 and 2006 is largely caused by the changes in unusual items which are not lasting. It is proven in 2008 when RNOA changes little with few UIs. Unusual item, asset turnover and profit margin play an important role in the change of RNOA in 2006, 2007 and 2008 respectively. In general, unusual items contribute to the growth of RNOA less in Nestle than in Cadbury. It seems that Nestle is more likely to generate profits from sales.. 2. Analysis of Changes in Financing Changes in RNOA partially explain changes in ROCE. The explanation is completed by an examination of financing. It can be separated into three parts: changes in operating profitability, changes in spread and changes in leverage. For Cadbury, the changes in ROCE in past four year are largely due to the rise or drop of core operations or spreads, rather than changes in leverage. For Nestle, the situation is quite similar expect in 2007. The growth of ROCE that year was almost totally due to the financial leverage. On the whole, it can be concluded that the change in ROCE is driven by core operation to a large extent rather than by changes in leverage in these two companies. Analysis of Growth in Equity Investment The change in CSE can be explained by three components: change in sales at previous level of asset turnover plus change in asset turnover while minus change in financial leverage. Cadbury shows a decline trend in CSE as their sales drop sharply in past four years. Nevertheless, Nestle exhibits a relatively smooth rise trend in both CSE and sales. It can be derived that sales growth is the primary driver of the change in CSE but sales growth requires more investment in net operating assets, which is financed by either net debt or equity. And investments earn through ROCE and the factors that drive ROCE. Together, investment and ROCE drive residual earnings and abnormal earnings growth. It has been recognized that there is a tension to growing CSE. Equity investment can easily be increased by issuing new shares or reducing dividends. But the new equity might not be used wisely. It could be invested in projects with low RNOA or financial assets with low return, reducing ROCE, residual earnings, and value. Common size analysis Common size analysis on balance sheet Compare the operating section of common-size Balance sheets of the two companies between 2005 and 2008 respectively, the result will be shown in exhibit 5. Take the comparison in 2007 as an example. From exhibit, we can know clearly the composition of operating assets for the two firms. For both of the two firms, the most important part in the operating assets is Other Assets, the reason might be the intangible assets take a huge amount in the two companies. In Cadbury, other assets occupied up to 62.08%, much more than that in Nestle SA, which is only 40.56%. The second most important part is Other Investments, occupied 21.59% in the Operating Assets for Nestle SA and 17.84% for Cadbury. Following this, it is Receivables Net, 15.09% for Nestle SA, compared with 10.64% for Cadbury. Besides this, Investment in Unconsol Subsidiaries for Nestle SA is 8.74% but for Cadbury, it is only 0.30%. In other three years, the composition is almost the same. Refer to the composition of Operating Liabilities for the two companies. For Nestle SA, the most important two parts are Account Payable and Provision for Risk and Charges, which account for 51.50% and 30.81%, respectively. By contrast, the most important parts of Operating Liabilities for Cadbury are Other Current Liabilities and Deferred Taxed, which take up for 35.89% and 30.69%. The situation did not change too much in other research years, except in 2008, Deferred Taxed for Cadbury decreased hugely, from 30.69% to -2.15%. The huge change might be caused by the reassessment of capital losses and the tax basis of goodwill on the classification of Australia Beverages as an asset held for sale in Cadbury. Common size analysis on income statement Exhibit 6 compares the reformulated income statements of Cadbury and Nestle on the basis of common-size. Given the Operating expense, the two companies have similar cost structure. With higher cost of sales (47.58%), Cadbury charge approximately 10% less in General expense than Nestle while the difference between the depreciation costs of the two companies are small. However, when the Nestle cost 0.24% in Other operating expense per dollar of sales, Cadbury has no Other operation costs. In comparison with 10.09% Operating profit margin from sales in Cadbury, this margin in Nestle is just a litter higher with 10.57%, the extraordinarily small difference is due to a higher gross income and also a higher general expense in Nestle. However, due to the significant extraordinary charge in Cadbury, its profit reduced to only 6.62% while the Operating income increased a bit to 11.22% attributable to the earnings from equity interest. Comparing with the earning of a net 5.09% per dollar of sales in Cadbury, Nestle earns approximately 10%. The profits are correspondingly decreased by 1.51% and 0.64% owing to financing activities. Trend analysis In this part, we will analysis how financial items have changed over time for the two firms. For both of the cases, the index is 100 for the base year of 2004. For Cadbury, Accounts Receivable, Inventories and Property, plant and equipment have grown steadily in the first three years, but decreased in 2008, which resulted huge decreasing in Operating Assets in 2008. Additionally, the Operating Liabilities fluctuated volatile from 2005 to 2008, contributed to the similar change to Net Operating Assets. Cadburys 2008 Net operating Assets decrease rate was 30.00%, compared with the 50.00% decrease in Net Financial Obligations in the same year. In 2008, Common Shareholders equity decreased by 20.00%, which indicated that the owners investment was declined. Given the income, the sales of Cadbury decreased a bit in 2005, followed by a continuous grow up in the next two years with 110% and 118% but drops dramatically by almost 20% in 2008. The expense of sales in 2007 is higher than other years with 131 percent while it stays stably in other years. Because the costs of sales have grown quickly than revenue of sales, gross income grow up at a lower rate. The sales of Cadbury in 2005 decrease by nearly 4 percent and grow at the rate of 14.58% and 7.2% in 2007 and 2007 respectively, compared with a significant decline (32.45%) in 2008. Because of a low operating expense in 2005, the operating income from sales in 2005 has an 11% growth compared with the 7% decrease in gross margin. At the same time, though the company has reduced the expense in 2008, the income from sales also lower than 60%. Finally, the comprehensive income grows up to 177% in 2005, followed by a high growth rate of 136.74% owing to a gain from asset sales. However, this i ncome to common is only 93 and 84 percent of that in 2004. For Nestle SA, the steady growth in all of the indexes happened in 2005, 2006 and 2007, but the trend changed in 2008, decrease in these indexes appeared, especially for the Net financial Obligations, it decreased by a much huge amount, almost 50.00%, which is discerned in exhibit 8. The revenues from sales grow up stably over the four years with 8.1%, 9.2% and 2.42% growth rate. Correspondingly, the comprehensive incomes increase bit by bit as well with 119%, 137%, 158% from 2005 to 2007 and due to a large gain from other income, the income in 2008 is high to 268%, which presents a greater growth trend in comparison to the Cadbury. Looking forward In comparison with the stably growth in Nestle since 2005, Cadbury suffers a significant decrease up to 20% in sales. In 2008, Cadbury increase its price, which may be a important reason for the decline combing with the global economic crisis. For Cadbury, in 2009 and even the next few years, it will in a difficult situation to against the unexpected global economic outlook and the high cocoa prices. On the other hand, the company of Nestle shows a bright prospect.

Wednesday, October 2, 2019

Teaching Philosophy :: Education Teachers School Essays

Teaching Philosophy I feel that education is not only based on the basics, but built on them. To me, creative expression revolves somewhat around those basics that are taught and also around the areas in life that are unseen, or thought. Creativity opens a person’s mind, to not just focus on what has been taught to us, which is information stored in the left side of the brain, but also to utilize our own ideas and imagination to express ourselves, which utilizes the right side of the brain (which is rarely used in the average individual). By doing creative things that use the imagination, it helps to strengthen that part of the brain which has been weakened with time. As children we feed that part of the brain, all is growing at once. But once formal education is introduced, that vision is narrowed to the point that it becomes lost and usually never recovered. What we are taught contradicts vision in art and destroys the vision of an artist unless given the proper instruction an d guidance on how to combine the known knowledge acquired and what is seen in actuality. A class that offers this guidance but to have freedom in a pressure-free environment that allows for creativity is what I desire from my class because for me, the art program when I was a child lacked. Art was mostly for holidays, something to take home to your mom for a certain special occasion, not for individual expression. I think out of all the philosophies that would best suit my desires in an art class would be the existentialist approach. Existentialism rejects the existence of any source of objective, authoritative truth other than the individual themselves, in which that individual determines for themselves what is right / wrong, true / false, and beautiful / ugly. Existentialism fits perfectly for an art program in that it gives the student a chance to have freedom of thought to be as creative as they like without something/ someone controlling what they do. In the existentialist class, students are allowed to choose their own medium, like prose, poetry, art, or music, and evaluate their own performance and sometimes each others performance.

Tuesday, October 1, 2019

Allegorizations of the Active and Contemplative Lives in Philo, Origen,

Allegorizations of the Active and Contemplative Lives in Philo, Origen, Augustine, and Gregory This paper examines the allegorical interpretations given to several Scriptural pairs as they relate to the idea of the active and contemplative lives in Philo, Origen, Augustine, and Gregory. As will be shown, Augustine combines elements found in the two previous writers to form his allegory of the two wives of Jacob as representative of the active and contemplative lives. In Philo, most of the essential elements of later Christian thought on the active and contemplative lives are already present. The superiority of the contemplative life is given at the beginning of his treatise on it: "I have discussed the Essenes, who persistently pursued the active life and excelled in all or, to put it more moderately, in most of its departments. I will now proceed at once in accordance with the sequence required by the subject to say what is needed about those who embraced the life of contemplation" (De Vita Cont. 1 [471]). The idea that the contemplative life follows upon the active is also present here, and is elaborated elsewhere: "... infants have one place and full grown men another. The one is named ascetic training and the other is called wisdom... For what life is better than a contemplative life, or more appropriate to a rational being?" (De Migr. Abr. 9 [443]). Both the active and contemplative lives are virtuous, but the contemplative is the more matur e and fuller expression of the life of wisdom; it should, however, only be practiced once the former has been used as a training ground. Philo allegorizes Leah and Rachel in several related ways in his works (cf. Sly, 163-74). At one point he identifies Rachel with bodily beauty, ... ... moves away. She loves to contemplate her lovely eyes; I love to use my hands to adorn myself: her joy is in reflection, mine in act." (Purgatorio xxvii, 101-08, [Musa trans.]) What has been called "the breadth of [Augustine's] vision and the lyrical exaltation of his language" (Mason, 45) has cast a long shadow indeed. Works Cited * Butler, D. C. Western Mysticism: The Teaching of Augustine, Gregory and Bernard on Contemplation and the Contemplative Life. 2nd ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1966. * Mason, M. E. Active Life and Contemplative Life: A Study of the Concepts from Plato to the Present. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1961. * Runia, D. T. Philo in Early Christian Literature: A Survey. Assen: Van Gorcum/Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993. * Sly, D. Philo's Perception of Women. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990.

Collecting Theories About Motivation And Attitudes Education Essay

In this survey, the research worker discoveries and collects theories about motive and attitudes from many beginnings such as libraries, text editions, alumnus research, theses, Thai and foreign web sites, and diaries. They can be categorized into five classs as follows: 2.1 Background and principle of the Thai topic 2.2 Theory of Motivation 2.3 Theory of Attitude 2.4 Some jobs about larning and learning Thai as L1 2.5 Related research2.1 Background and principle of the Thai topicRattana Lucharit ( 2546 ) indicates that the Thai topic began in the Sukhothai period. It was one of four parts of the instruction system ; larning about ethical motives and virtuousness, larning about physical instruction ( for males merely ) , larning about house-work ( for females ) ; and larning about general cognition. ( some foreign linguistic communications and besides Thai ) The old manner of Thai linguistic communication instruction is non standardized. Even standard text editions were non provided for pupils as learning media. Teachers would make textbooks themselves. In the Ayutthaya period, King Narai the Great realized the importance of instruction. He ordered Pra-Horatibodee to compose the first Thai text edition called â€Å" Jin Da Ma Nee † . This text edition was used for larning Thai. Students started with reading pattern, retrieving concluding consonants, and significance of words until they can compose a verse form by themselves. As this text edition brought troubles to pupils in acquisition ; Jin Da Ma Nee was merely used from the Ayutthaya period until the early Rattanakosin period. Suriya Rattanakul ( 2540: 11 ) provinces that ‘Jin Da Ma Nee ‘ is the oldest Thai text edition of Thailand. After that, many Thai text editions were written to learn Tai pupils. Nowadays, the Thai topic is besides portion of the course of study of the Ministry of Education. Rattana Lucharit ( 2546: 184 ) provinces that the aims of Thai acquisition and instruction are as follows: – To develop Thai linguistic communication in four accomplishments ; listening, speech production, reading and authorship. – To understand the rudimentss of the Thai linguistic communication. – To utilize the Thai linguistic communication for listening and pass oning accurately. – To utilize the Thai linguistic communication suitably. – To carry Thai pupils about reading wonts. – To utilize the Thai linguistic communication for doing determinations. – To obtain a good attitude towards the Thai linguistic communication and Thai literature larning in the context of Thai civilization. Recently, The Ministry of Education realized the importance of the Thai topic, so it announced the Development of Quality in Thai Teaching and Thai Using Scheme. Janjira Parethongkam ( 2549: 342 ) provinces that there are seven policies as follows: – To develop Thai instruction and acquisition in schools so pupils can to the full larn, both Thai linguistic communication and Thai literature. Furthermore, pupils have good reading/writing wonts, researching new cognition and bettering wisdom that correlates with Thai society and Thai civilization. – To back up and develop Thai instructors, other staffs, and decision makers recognizing the importance of the Thai topic and besides being a good theoretical account for pupils in utilizing Thai linguistic communication accurately. Consequently, Thai instructors should frequently larn new learning methods. – The Institute of Thai Teachers ‘ Production chooses people who would wish to construct their calling as Thai instructors, and supports them to go specializer in the Thai linguistic communication. Consequently, they will go a qualified Thai instructor in the hereafter. – To develop Thai learning AIDSs and other learning media used to assist pupils in their acquisition procedure. Enough instruction AIDSs and media should be widely distributed and their monetary value should be reduced so that more schools will be able to afford teaching resources. – To back up schoolroom research, Thai instruction and learning invention for planing good-quality instruction and acquisition. – To give people an chance to larning the Thai linguistic communication and utilize the Thai linguistic communication accurately. – To collaborate with every parts of society to back up pupils and Thai people. There are four aims as follows: To develop pupils knowledge of Thai. To develop the cognition of Thai instructors. To do instructors recognize the importance of the Thai linguistic communication. To raise their concern in sustainable development of instruction and larning Thai. All of the inside informations above illustrate the importance of the Thai linguistic communication. Furthermore, the Ministry of Education continually develops the Thai topic by denoting new strategies sing Thai instruction. In contrast, larning and learning Thai in the course of study and in the schoolroom does non follow the strategy. This might be because Thai instructors, pupils or other decision makers do non recognize the of import of our first linguistic communication plenty. To study pupils ‘ motive and attitudes towards the Thai topic is the first measure to develop the Thai capable course of study in the hereafter. If this survey can place what are factors act uponing motive and attitudes towards the Thai topic, Thai instructors will so be able to use the research consequences to better their instruction methods.2.2 Theory of MotivationSing the theory of motive, there are some issues refering motive and larning motive that stated as follows: The definitions of motive. Learning motive. Understanding human motive. Promoting academic motive.The definitions of motiveMany psychologists and faculty members gave their definitions of motive as follows: McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, and Lowell ( 1953:28ff cited in Russell, William and Robert, 1984:243 ) say motive may be defined as the â€Å" ruddy integrating of a alteration in affect by a cue. † Jones ( 1955: seven cited in Weiner, 1992:2 ) say motive has to make with why behavior gets started, is energized, is sustained, is directed, is stopped, and what sort of subjective reaction is presented in the being when all this is traveling on. Young ( 1961: 24 cited in Weiner, 1992:1 ) defines the survey of motive loosely as a research for determiners ( all determiners ) of homo and animate being activity. Frymier ( 1974:6 ) indicates that motive is related to adult male ‘s interior urges and is closely associated with his values. Motivation gives way and strength to adult male ‘s behaviour. It significantly affects his abilities and his accomplishment. Buck ( 1976:5 ) says that traditionally, motive has been defined as the control of behaviour ; that is, the procedure by which behaviour is activated and directed toward some definable end. The specific nature of the control varies widely harmonizing to the behaviour. Thus the control mechanisms involved in simple physiological reactions, in feeding and imbibing, in fond regard and aggression, and in wonder and geographic expedition, are rather different from one another. Gardner ( 1985:10 ) says that motive refers to the combination of attempt plus desire to accomplish the end of larning the linguistic communication plus favorable attitudes toward larning the linguistic communication. William ( 1988:1 ) negotiations about motive in larning that it is a moment-to-moment procedure that must be recognized as such. New penetrations and thoughts that assist instructors in actuating pupils to larn must be continually available, because the ultimate day-to-day duty for pupil motive rests with them. Teachers and school decision makers must consciously endeavor to supply an heightening environment while assisting each pupil learns how to win academically. Weiner ( 1992:1 ) gives his sentiment that the most across-the-board definition of motive is concern about why human and subhuman beings think and behave as they do. In decision, the construct of motive is about a mental province or feeling that affects human behaviour. It is what we use when we describe the forces moving on or within an being to originate and direct behaviour. The construct of motive is besides used to explicate differences in the strength of behaviour. More intense behaviours are considered to be the consequence of higher degrees of motive. Additionally, we frequently use the construct of motive to bespeak the way of behaviour. As for this survey, William ‘s construct of motive in acquisition is used for determine pupils ‘ larning motive.Learning MotivationLearning motive is based on the thought as Gardner ( 1985: 10 ) mentioned that â€Å" the extent to which the person works or strives to larn the linguistic communication because of a desire to make so and the satisfaction experienced in this activity † . There are many positions about motive in larning. William ( 1988:2 ) references that â€Å" one time y ou motivate a pupil, that pupil is set for life † . In the same manner, one time any given pupil has been motivated to make something, he/she would maintain making that thing for the remainder of their life. Motivation is a daily and moment-to-moment committedness. It requires a assortment of supportive accomplishments and schemes. If pupils are ready to larn, they will. If non, they wo n't, and cipher can coerce them ( Gardner, 1985:10 ; William,1988:5 ) . Encouraging pupils ‘ involvements and engagement through a supportive attack, sincere concern, and attending can animate pupils ‘ motive. Furthermore, some efficient ways to actuate pupils is to allow them listen to a talker who can actuate pupils. Durable motive must be more than fugitive efforts to animate pupils. Motivation is best sustained through a reciprocally developed programs and advancement monitoring and rating. Besides that, William ( 1988:3 ) provinces that â€Å" attitude is 100 per centum of school success † . Several factors influence school success, including place influence, self-concept, assurance, basic accomplishments, experience infer to things happened in the yesteryear, future aspirations, available aid, sensible opportunity of success given current accomplishment degrees, attending, demands, feelings, and the sensed ability to act upon their fate given their best attempt. However, there is no charming solution to the job of pupil motive. But if instructors can actuate their pupils, larning will be accomplished. To cognize a pupil ‘s motive, the research worker has to study and observe foremost. Additionally, analyzing and reexamining human motive is the other manner to understand a pupil ‘s motive.Understanding Human MotivationChery ( 1992:4 ; Aree Panmanee 2546: 269 cited in Siripan Suwanchandee 2548:11 ) negotiations about motive in the schoolroom, divided from behaviour, and remarks that many theoreticians and research workers point to two generic types of motive: extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic motive exists when persons are motivated by an result that is external or functionally unrelated to the activity in which they are engaged. For case, in the context of school, a pupil who works hard on a study because she needs an Angstrom in order to stay eligible to play playground ball, is extrinsically motivated to compose a good study. Alternatively, intrinsic motive exists when person works with an interior desire to carry through a undertaking successfully, whether it has some external value or non. Peoples who are per se motivated to prosecute in a specific activity do non hold to be enticed into take parting in that activity. Alternatively, they actively seek chances to take part. These two points are really of import for instructors to understand. They should cognize about the differences between extrinsic and intrinsic motive in order to place and further their pupils ‘ motive in the schoolroom.Promoting Academic MotivationGrossnickle Don R. and Thiel William B ( 1988 ) suggest that instructors may make extrinsic motive in order to assist their pupils achieve in acquisition. Some of the undermentioned statements help instructors promote their pupils ‘ motive. First, is puting a course of study that is concerned with single differences and the basic cognition of pupils. It will assist if they are interested in larning. Second, instructors must larn aims and results that make pupils recognize the utility of survey and back up a good attitude towards larning. This can assist pupils carry through their survey. Third, instructors should offer chances to pupils to take part in be aftering lessons and inquire for pupils ‘ feedback. This may assist promote pupils. In add-on, the schoolroom environment should be attractive for pupils to larn new things, without force per unit area or restriction of freedom. Teachers should therefore actuate their pupils by utilizing attractive media, an interesting lead to lessons, a new instruction method, or utilizing teaching AIDSs and appropriate text editions.2.3 Theory of AttitudeThere are some points about theory of attitude analyzed for this survey. The research worker collected the chief points and gave inside informations in each instance. The definitions of attitude The constituents of attitude Attitude measuring Making attitude trialsThe definitions of attitudeMany psychologists and academic specializers have defined attitude as follows: The word â€Å" Attitude † derives from the Latin word: ‘Aptus ‘ . It means ‘fitness ‘ or ‘adaptedness ‘ ( Kanjana Makpoon, 2548:40 ) Droba ( 1933 ) says that attitude is a mental temperament of the human person to move for or against a definite object. In the lexicon of psychological science, Warren ( 1934 ) said that attitude is the specific mental temperament toward an entrance or originating experience, whereby that experience is modified ; or, a status of preparedness for a certain type of activity. Allport ( 1935: 19-20 ) says that attitude is a mental and nervous province of preparedness, organized through experience, exercising a directive or dynamic influence upon the person ‘s response to all objects and state of affairss with which it is related. Newcomb ( 1954: 128 cited in Wanpen, 2528:29 ) says that attitude is imparting of head with single experience. They are divided into two characters. They are positive attitude and negative attitude. Guilford ( 1959:223 ) says that attitude is a complicated emotion of people that is expressed in the manner of the recognized or unacceptable, love or detest. Vroom ( 1964:99 cited in Malinee, 2542:67 ) says that attitude and satisfaction can be used interchangeably, because those words mean the consequences from person to fall in some state of affairss and express positive attitude or negative attitude with it. Thurstone ( 1967: 20 ) provinces that attitude is the affect for or against a psychological object. Bem ( 1970: 14 ) says that attitude is like and dislike. Good ( 1973:48 ) says that attitude is the preparedness to show in whether manner, possibly support or against in some state of affairs with the individual or anything. Anastasi ( 1990:584 cited in Kanjana Makpoon, 2548:40 ) says that attitude means the reaction with support in similar or unlike such as state, usage, or institutes. It can non see in straight, but it can be inferred from linguistic communication and behaviour Raweewan Aungkanurakpan ( 2533:12 ) says that attitude is personal inner potency which intend to act in the positive/ negative ways. Aunchala Satsupap ( 2549:5 ) says that attitude is a belief in something which makes a positive reaction or negative reaction. In decision, attitude means satisfaction or dissactisfaction of a individual with something or person such as topographic points, people, things, or state of affairss. It can be used to foretell behaviour in the hereafter, because people tend to utilize their attitude when make up one's minding to show their behaviour. The research worker applies Thurstone ‘s and Bem ‘s attitude definition to this survey because it is accordant with the construct of attitude constituents which is stated in the following issue ( http: //www.blurtit.com/q720160.html, retrieved on 28 March 2008 ; Raweewan Aungkanurakpan, 2533:12-13 ; Wattana Srisatwaja, 2534:26 ) .The constituents of attitudeMany psychologists, such as Rosenberk, Hovland ( 1960 cited in Theeraporn Uwanno,2535:2 ) Kretch, Prutchfield, and Pallachey ( 1962, cited in Raweewan Aungkanurakpan, 2533:12 ) and Triandis ( 1971 cited in Raweewan Aungkanurakpan, 2533:12 ) , back up the construct that constituents of attitude are three as follows: 1. Cognitive constituent: It is a belief and perceptual experience of a individual towards something in a positive manner and negative manner. 2. Affectional constituent: It is a feeling, emotion and private values that are different in each individual. These make positive attitude or negative attitude. 3. Behavioral constituent: It is a individual ‘s preparedness to react behaviorally to the object. Harmonizing to this construct, it is believed that based on Plato ‘s construct, viz. human head consists of three constituents: idea, feelings, and conation ( Allport, 1985 cited in Theerapon Uwanno,2535:4 ) . On the other manus, late, the construct of constituent of attitude which is celebrated back uping by Thurstone ( 1959, Insko 1967, Bem 1970, Fishbein & A ; Ajzen 1975 cited in Raweewan Aungkanurakpan, 2533:13 ) province that attitude has merely one constituent like or dislike feelings towards psychological objects. The research worker applies this construct to this survey because many societal psychologists believe that it is the most of import portion of attitude which can take to understand and predict homo ‘s behaviours and they define the attitude definition as the affectional constituent ( Theerawut Akakul, 2549:8 ) .Attitude MeasurementSubin Yurarat ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.student.chula.ac.th/~43846691/attitudetheory .doc: parity 50, retrieved on 25 Feb. 2007 ) observes that there are many ways to mensurate attitude. Each manner is developed by many psychologists. Some ways of mensurating attitude are as follows: At the beginning, observation is one manner to mensurate an attitude. It uses ears and eyes to detect another individual ‘s behaviour towards something, and to roll up that primary informations for analysis. It is divided into two types: direct observation and indirect observation ( Raweewan Aungkanurakpan, 2533: 17-18 ) . The consequences can bespeak a individual ‘s attitude. Furthermore, interview is besides an attitude measuring, where the interviewer should fix the inquiries before get downing the interview to acquire the clearest information. In some instances, nevertheless, we may non acquire the existent information. Therefore, interview should partially used as attitude measuring, along with other methods. Furthermore, there are some other ways to mensurating attitude. Self-reporting is ever designed in graduated tables such as Thurstone scales, Lickert scales, Osgood graduated tables, Bogardus scales, Guttman scales, and the smiling faces graduated tables. As a projective technique, it is attitude measuring that participant have to give sentiment about images they see. Likewise, making psychological undertakings can besides mensurate attitude. Social psychologists believe that human behaviour originates from attitudes or feelings in each individual. The last 1 is the physical reactions of worlds, such as reactions to electric daze, look intoing bosom round per minute, and iris expansion. The societal psychologists say survey consequences indicate the relationship between strength or appendage of attitude and physical reaction. They do non speak about good or bad attitude. Those methods are non recommended as the best manner to mensurate attitude, as it depends on the aim of what is being measured and what consequences you seek. For the method that the research worker uses in this survey is the observation, interviewings and self-reporting.Making attitude trialJittraporn ‘s survey ( 2543:38 and Theerawut Akakul, 2549:56 ) refers to making a Likert scale attitude trial as follows: – Considering whose attitude the research worker wants to mensurate, towards what, and clearly gives the definition of attitude and the aims what the research worker wants to mensurate. – Composing the obvious sentence structure covered in each point. The inquiries must inquire about respondents ‘ feelings or beliefs. Likert ( 1967: 90 ) suggests the building a questionnaire should be as follows: In the paragraph, it is non a fact, but it is written in the footings of feelings or purpose to make something. In the paragraph, to set both positive and negative statements every bit. In each point, it should be clear, short and easy to understand. So the creative activity of an instrumental attitude trial, all of the inside informations above should be considered. This instrument will be efficient and can be used in a existent state of affairs. For this survey, the research worker adopts those methods to make a questionnaire for mensurating attitude and motive.2.4 Some jobs about larning and learning Thai as L1Jantarat Anansantiporn ( 2548 ) and Amara Prasitrattasin ( 2548 ) province that Thai is a linguistic communication which we use to pass on in day-to-day life, but people are non really interested in it. There are some jobs about larning and learning Thai divided into three chief points. The first is Thai instructors ‘ jobs, the 2nd 1 is pupils ‘ jobs, and the last is involved in learning AIDSs. Mentioning to Thai instructors ‘ attitude job, Thai instructors do non hold adequate support from decision makers, such as a opportunity to analyze abroad. It makes Thai instructors less enthusiastic, due to the fact that they do non see hereafter in their calling. Sometimes the personality/appearance of Thai instructors besides looks uncomfortable or uneasy. Actually, instructors think that good instruction is to assist pupils to go through the test. They do non learn the pupils to use their cognition to utilize in the existent state of affairss. Particularly, the memorizing method is frequently used. From my experience, the pupils are bored and the instructors are besides bored to learn, in every bit much as many Thai instructors at each school have a heavy work load. Therefore, they are non motivated to develop their instruction accomplishments or new learning methods and this reduced their instruction quality. Tai instructors believes being a Thai instructor is non interesting for pupils, so it makes them less motivated in giving their attempt in learning. Some instructors besides lack Thai instruction accomplishments. Students, hence, may hold less regard for instructors. Some of instructors ddo non pattern truth in Thai plenty, but they have to learn Thai. They think anyone can learn Thai. Other instructors do non collaborate with Thai instructors when their pupils use Thai falsely. They ever think it is Thai instructor ‘s responsibility to learn pupils how to utilize Thai accurately. Not merely Thai instructors, but in fact all instructors should remind and rectify when their pupils use Thai falsely. Additionally, some Thai instructors have been learning for a long clip and do non desire to develop their accomplishments. Rangsan Klinkaew ( 2550: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.perfs pot.com/blog.asp? id=23CAA779-0ADF-4B2B-9D7D-BB3036156D6 & A ; BlogId=28732, retrieved on 29 March 2008 ) states that instructors who use the same method, makes pupils bored. Furthermore, instructors do non back up pupils in researching their sentiments, are unfriendly, and are excessively much reliant upon the regulations since they themselves lack experience and cognition in learning Thai. Besides, single differences of pupils are non taken into history. For illustration, smart pupils can be bored and weaker pupils may non maintain up with others. Besides, learning Thai is non unvarying, for illustration, teacher A Teachs Thai linguistic communication accomplishments and instructor B teaches Thai literature. In add-on, in learning Thai use, Thai instructors do non promote pupils to pattern all four accomplishments. In footings of the testing frequence: Teachers frequently test at the terminal of school twelvemonth or semester. This does non uncover the existent proficiency of pupils. The 2nd issue about pupils ‘ job, in the article of Panthanee Vihokto ( 2538 ) about learning and larning Thai jobs, indicates that pupils have a bad attitude towards the Thai topic. They do non hold duty. They do non hold involvement in larning Thai, nor do they recognize its importance as they think it is their female parent lingua. They do non believe it is necessary to larn because they can automatically use/speak Thai. Consequently, they focus on other topics such as Mathematicss, Science, or Foreign linguistic communications. In fact the Daily News ( 2550,12 November:20 ) points out that pupils ‘ deficiency Thai linguistic communication accomplishments, particularly composing. Possibly this is because they do n't frequently utilize and pattern it or they use it merely merely when they study at school. Cipher encourages them to rectify their errors. When they say something incorrect, instructors frequently blame or knock, but do non butencourage them. Furthermore, pupils who come from a rural country and usage idiom find that analyzing linguistic communication requires attempts. Therefore, they feel that the Thai topic is excessively hard. Although they work hard on larning Thai, their consequences are still worse than those of other topics. These consequences in pupils being bored, lack inspiration, and disregard the Thai topic. One of the solutions for the job is utilizing learning AIDSs. It is a tool that helps instructors to learn in a more effectual manner. However, there are besides some jobs with learning AIDSs which are summarized as follows: Jantarat Anansantiporn ( 2548 ) surveies about pupils ‘ satisfaction of larning Thai. She states that Thai instructors do n't utilize learning AIDSs decently. Though they are necessary, it is adequate if they have a chalkboard and chalk. When they can non utilize, or do non cognize how to use, learning AIDSs, they merely work out this job by non utilizing them. They think that Thai learning AIDSs are non interesting compared with learning AIDSs of other topics ; for case, a research lab is more interesting than word cards because pupils can use their hearing and composing accomplishments at the same clip. In fact, in wider society, the information is an importance portion of believing procedure. Many resources, for case, cyberspace, e-books, ocular stuffs ; are prompts for instructors, but so instructors gain the information merely from text editions ( Department of Curriculum and Development: 104 ) . Apart from the jobs already given, there are some general jobs, for case, the deficiency of learning AIDSs ( Thaipost 2007, 27 July: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drkalaya. com/education.php? newsid=579, retrieved on 30 March 2008 ; Pantanee Vihokto 2538 ) , the deficiency of pupil suites, noise, deficiency of support by decision makers, and decision makers do non back up outside instruction, because they will hold to react to more undertakings. These jobs hamper efficient instruction.2.5 Related ResearchTo analyze pupils ‘ motive and attitude towards the Thai topic, the research worker reviewed related research which supports and proves the theory of motive and attitude. They are as follows: About larning attitude and motive, Rugsiri Sithdichoke ( 2531 ) studied the Relationship Between Attitude Towards Thai Subject and Achievement in Learning Thai Subject of Students in The Colleges of Physical Education. The intent of this research is to analyze attitude towards the Thai topic of pupils in the colleges of physical instruction and to analyze the relationship between attitude towards the Thai topic and accomplishment in larning the Thai topic of pupils in the colleges of physical instruction. The sample group consisted of 530 pupils, used bunch random trying from the colleges of physical instruction. The questionnaires about Attitude towards Thai Subject Test, Thai Grammar Test, and Thai Literature Test are the instruments. The consequences show that the pupils in the colleges of physical instruction had positive attitudes towards Thai Subject. Furthermore, Rattana Thinklao ( 2533 ) surveies of Thai instructors ‘ instruction behaviours, attitudes towards supervising, and the academic accomplishment of the pupils instructed by the instructor who were supervised in equal clinical and peer concentional supervising in Cholburi secondary school. The sample group is 18 Thai instructors and 564 pupils from Matthayom Suksa 3, divided into 2 groups: an experimental group ( 9 Thai instructors and 290 pupils ) and a control group ( 9 Thai instructors and 274 pupils ) .The instrumental research is by questionnaire and observation. The consequences show that Thai instructors ‘ behaviour in the experiment group has higher than the control group. Students ‘ accomplishments in experiment group and control group had no difference. In add-on, Khachornsri Jatikananda ( 2533 ) surveies of the relationship between larning accomplishment and attitudes towards the methods of learning Thai linguistic communication of Matthayom Suksa 2 pupils through mini-course and the instructor ‘s manual of the educational techniques section. The sample group is 80 pupils at the secondary presentation school of Srinakaharinwirot University in Bangkok, is divided into two groups of 40 pupils each. The experimental group is taught by mini-course and the control group is taught by utilizing instructor ‘s manual. The consequence shows that the experimental group has higher larning accomplishment than the control group but the attitude of pupils between the experimental group and the control group are non different. Besides, Jittraporn Duangjumpol ( 2543 ) surveies the effects of utilizing reading workshop direction procedure on Thai linguistic communication reading comprehension ability and attitudes towards reading Thai linguistic communication of Mathayom Suksa two pupils in Bangkok Metropolis. The sample group is pupils in Matthayom 2, Prakanoung Pithayalai school and they are divided into two groups. One group used the normal method, and another group used the reading workshop direction procedure. The consequences show that pupils who are taught by utilizing the reading workshop direction procedure have a good attitude and accomplish higher mark than pupils who are taught by utilizing the normal method. Similarly, Patamathida Najaikong ( 2544 ) surveies about the effects of the mind-mapping and self-regulation on attitudes and Thai linguistic communication larning accomplishment of Mathayom Suksa 1 pupils. The sample group is 60 pupils in Matthayom Suksa 1, Borployratchadapisek school, was indiscriminately divided into four groups. Each group consists of 15 pupils. Group 1 is assigned to pattern utilizing head function technique. Group 2 is assigned to pattern utilizing self-regulation. Group 3 is assigned to pattern both of head function technique and self-regulation. Group 4 surveies in normal method. The consequences show that pupils who pattern utilizing the head function technique and self-regulation have a good attitude towards Thai topic. Furthermore, their tonss are besides higher than pupils who are taught the normal method. As for larning motive, Chonthon Ruamtham ( 2533 ) surveies Matthayom Suksa 2 pupil ‘s Thai linguistic communication accomplishment and motive the direction based on reply hunting activities and instructor ‘s manual activities. The sample group consists of 100 Buddhajak Wittaya school pupils who are every bit divided into two groups. The same content is taught to both groups for 16 periods of 50 proceedingss. The research design of the experiment is the pretest-posttest design. The consequence shows that the academic accomplishment of the experimental group is higher than the controlled group, but the learning motives in Thai linguistic communication of the two groups are non different. Then, Kanchana Makpoon ( 2548 ) surveies the effects of direction utilizing the plot line method on Thai linguistic communication larning accomplishment and attitude towards direction of Mathayom Suksa 2 pupils. The sample group consists of pupils in Mathayom Suksa 2, Cholburee Sukkhaboj school, is divided into two groups. Experimental group one consists of 47 pupils utilizing plot line and experimental group two consists of 47 pupils, utilizing the normal method. The consequences show that experimental group one, utilizing the plot line method have a good attitude and accomplish higher acquisition accomplishment than group two. Similarly, foreign research about larning attitude is studied by Colin Baker ( 1992 ) . He studied the attitude of the Welsh towards their linguistic communication. He compared his research over the old two old ages. The sample group is 11-14 old ages old pupils who studied in secondary school degree 1, 2 and 3. In another research, sample group is 13-16 old ages old pupils who studied in secondary school, degree 4, 5 and 6. The consequence shows that male ‘s positive attitude was somewhat lower than that of their female opposite numbers. Some research about larning motive are studied by Noppadol Buasai ( 2545 ) and Anchala Satsuphap ( 2549 ) . They besides study a comparing of Matthayom Suksa 1 and 3 pupils ‘ reading public presentation and motive in larning Thai by utilizing sketch lesson programme and the instructor ‘s manual. In the survey by Noppadol, he uses 80 pupils from Pasanusorn Bangkhae school as the sample group. Likewise, Anchala Satsuphap, uses 96 pupils from Matthayom Suksa 3 Srivikorn school. Each research besides divided into two groups: an experimental group, and a controlled group. Cartoon lessons are used to learn the experimental group, whereas instructors ‘ manual is used to learn the other 1. The consequence of Noppadol and Anchala shows that the ability of reading public presentation and motive in larning Thai between the experimental group and the control group are different, that is, pupils ‘ ability of reading and motive in larning Thai in the experimental group is h igher than the control group. Unless larning attitudes and motive, the surveies about Thai instruction and acquisition jobs are studied by Watcharee Srikham ( 2535 ) . She surveies jobs and learning demands of Thai III instructors. The sample group dwelling of 60 Thai instructors from Vocational and Technical College in four parts of Thailand is classified by learning experiences. The consequence shows that Thai instructors need the instruction techniques and supervising at the high degree. The same as Srichan Wichatong ( 2542 ) surveies on the analysis of Rajabhat Phranakhon pupils ‘ mistakes. The sample group consists of 1152 pupils who register in the Thai Usage class 1540201. They are assigned to compose the essay within 60 proceedingss. The consequence shows that pupils ‘ mistakes, harmonizing to the frequence of happening, are spelling, words use, word order, pauses, punctuation, the usage of etc. , abbreviations and figures. These are the related research on motive and attitude of pupils towards linguistic communication acquisition. However, cipher has researched the motive and attitudes of pupils towards the Thai topic. Therefore, the research worker thinks that my survey will be the first measure to assist instructors and decision makers develop and better the Thai capable course of study in the hereafter.